The piece was then glazed and fired at a high temperature. This will reveal the underglaze that was covered by the paper. Hi - I use this slip - 50% spar 50% ball clay and then 2.5% Co and .5% iron oxide. They then let the underglaze go touch dry. 2009 chevy silverado center console lid replacement; tess gerritsen net worth 200. When fired, the carbonate breaks down and CO2 goes up the chimney, leaving behind an oxide. cobalt underglaze recipe. What temp do you fire at? He wants to make glow in the dark glazes - we haven't checked the decomposition temperatures of this material yet but it should be doable. However, be careful not to load your brush so much that it drips once it has been applied. It is best to use underglaze pencils on bisque fired pottery. The substance created does not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a typical suspension. Dont have time to read the whole article? You can mix this with up to 70 grams of dry material like cobalt oxide, gerstley borate or boric acid, or frit or clay. One of the more contemporary underglaze techniques is airbrushing. Smooth the shaving foam out with a flat edge like a spatula or a ruler. Hope to post test results ASAP. You can use as much or as little underglaze as you like. You are here: Home 1 / avia_transparency_logo 2 / News 3 / cobalt underglaze recipe cobalt underglaze recipetexas lake lots for sale by owner June 7, 2022 / lawyers against mcfd / in charlie schlatter leukemia / by / lawyers against mcfd / in charlie schlatter leukemia / by Underglaze is an incredibly versatile way of decorating clay. Do you dip, brush, or spray your glazes? Lotus flowers mean "qingbai lianjie," or "pure and honest." 6-character inscription: "Made during the Qianlong reign of the Great Qing." Unglazed base of foot-ring. Slip is a liquid mixture of clay and water used for forming ceramic pieces and as a base for glaze. All potters and ceramic artists are welcome! However, of all the underglaze techniques described here, burnishing, in my opinion, produces some of the most beautiful results. Ceramic Studio. One of the simplest ways to use underglaze is to dip your pottery into it. Either way, if the underglaze is not fired, you need to apply the clear glaze carefully. The pressure you put on the pen tip opens a valve that transfers the underglaze onto your work. These are thin-walled 5 inch cast bowls, each holds about one kg. The glue air sets. Making a Test Tile for Colored Slip. The piece was then fired again at a lower temperature. Britt- the recipe you mentionedstarch? Or sponge it a little. A small addition of a lower melting frit will tend to "set" the bisque fired material a bit. Underglaze copper red decoration was very rare. The good thing about paper is that it curves easily around shapes. I actually have some alberta. As you push, it will scoop out lines in the rubber. One tool that is helpful for applying underglaze is to use a banding wheel. Then using a roller or your thumb press the lino onto the clay surface. Valence Electrons: The unbound, shared electrons that move among atoms rather than moving within a single atom. Bone dry clay is extremely absorbent. Add a tablespoon of underglaze to the mixture. Alternatively, you can use a pot of underglaze and water it down. If it dries out whilst you are working, you can mist it with water to keep it damp. Then they mold the slab of clay around a shape that they want to recreate. Variations of underglaze recipes were available on the Internet but not much could be found in textbooks, By Posted kyle weatherman sponsors In automann slack adjuster cross reference Stir the mixture, then using a drinking straw, blow air into the mixture. When you have finished your design, the ware can be fired when it is bone dry. 3. The starch makes the underglaze stiffer. Imagine you have created a leaf-shaped stencil out of paper. The black areas of the photocopied image will resist the underglaze. Brushing glaze over a stain could cause bleeding. Most underglaze is made with a clay base. Once this layer of glaze has gone off, you can apply your second layer more liberally. The underglaze is then painted or dabbed onto the screen, a bit like using a stencil. 2000. for honor player count xbox 202110; steve porcaro rosanna arquette; university of portland tennis; chemung county eviction court A plain blue print is known but more often the pattern was printed in green and colored underglaze. 537 Spectrum Cobalt Blue Underglaze, 4 oz. You can then apply your underglaze to the image. He hangs out on CLAYART. This colorant is actually quite versatile and can make glazes that run the gamut from green to purple, pink to blue violet, blues mottled with red, pink, and even an intense black. Also, although sgraffito can be done on soft clay, it is better to wait until it is leather hard. 0. Prepared ceramic pigments, commonly referred to as ceramic stains, expand the potter's palette with infinite possibilities. to create colloids. It is easy to make and use paper stencils to apply underglaze. I wanted to learn everything, right awayand I loved my glaze calc class. I tested each glaze on leather-hard, bone-dry, and bisqued earthenware and stoneware test tiles. An underglaze decal is an image that has been printed onto backing paper. 1/4 cobalt carbonate 1/2 copper carbonate ----- 10 parts Iridescent, matt, luster effects. I've used as an underglaze (It should also be useable as an overglaze). Firing range 1240-1260 C. If you apply a matt white glaze it can look like a drawing on paper. This will seal the glaze so that it doesnt crumble off when you are drawing. You can build on this technique as follows. The layers can be the same color or you can mix the colors up. Great glaze recipes tested and widely used | Cone 6 mid range oxidation | Tips resolving glaze problems . The burnished underglaze can be fired as it is. Plus he shares some sweet cobalt blue glaze recipes. However, it is a simple way of adding details to small areas. Cobalt blue was used by the ninth century Iranian potters to decorate the colorless alkali glaze. It means that using this engobeis much, much cleaner than using a body or slip colored using raw or burnt umber, iron, manganese or cobalt. In this post, I am sharing my adventures in homemade underglazes, and my underglaze recipe too! So, you dont have to press excessively hard. be drinking it, but for a non-toxic substitution, use non-toxic. If you mix these color concentrates with clear or white glaze in a ratio of 1 to 3, or 1 to 7, you'll quickly see that blues and greens have greater tinting power than than red and yellows. What an engobe does for even glaze laydown Tap picture for full size This stonewarejar is made from a large particle size body with grogadded. A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance (think mayonnaise or hand cream). This is a simple piece of equipment that looks a little like a tobacco pipe. Single Dip (2-3 coats . You can fill each bottle with a different color underglaze. If you are working with multiple colors, make sure that your brush is clean when switching between colors. Chemical Analysis Na2O 0.07 Al2O3 0.12 SiO2 1.12 K2O 0.05 B2O3 0.09 TiO2 0.00 MgO 0.67 Fe2O3 0.00 CaO 0.21 Alumina:Silica ratio is 1.00 : 9.09 Neutral:Acid ratio is 1.00 : 5.19 Alkali:Neutral:Acid ratio is 1.00 : 0.22 : 1.12 . Once the underglaze has been transferred, carefully peel the paper off the pottery. Nonetheless, a glaze can be applied to the inside to make it more usable. Cobalt was used under the glaze to paint the outlines and areas of blue wash needed in the design. Slip and underglaze are both materials used in ceramics, but serve different purposes. There are however a couple of approaches to the Mishima technique. You can either buy commercially produced underglaze decals or you can make your own. And bristles that get stuck in the underglaze will burn off when the clay is fired. A good firing temperature for underglazes is often around cone 03 04. Pottery Techniques. (30.3 x 34.9cm). They take light-colored, transparent or Because burnished pottery is not glazed, it is also generally porous. And it can be applied to bisque fired clay before glazing. I mixed 1000 gram batches in a thousand variations (or something close to that). And there is great scope for creativity. From about 1745, the porcelain manufactory at Vincennes (established in 1740 on the grounds of a former hunting lodge, east of Paris) marked its wares with the royal cipher - two interlaced L's. This is usually painted in cobalt blue, either in overglaze enamel or in underglaze pigment. Ball Clay 23% EPK 23% Silica 23% F- 4 Kona Spar 23% Bentonite 8% Add: 1 liquid ounce Glycerin per 100 grams Some General Tips About Underglaze Techniques: Badger Model 150 Airbrush Set View on Blick, Underglaze does not melt and stick to the kiln, Speedball Screen Printing Frame View on Blick, Amaco Underglaze Chalk Crayons View on Blic. Next, you rub the underglaze with your stone or spoon, until the surface takes on a high sheen. You can create patterns in the foam by dragging a pencil through the blobs and creating swirls. Incorporate Sta Flo Laundry Starch until the mixture reaches a thin yogurt consistency and sieve the entire mixture again. Then the underglaze that you apply for decoration is then less likely to flake off. This stunning Blue Room sunflower dinner plate by Spode features the iconic blue and white colorway. The hardness of an underglaze pencil is similar to a graphite HB pencil. One way to do this is to cut your shape out of some paper. One suggested way of using underglaze crayons is to apply a glaze to your piece first. 300. I mix it with strong green tea medium also. As a result, the image is printed onto the pottery. Then sponge off the excess underglaze from the surrounding clay. This blog is a chronicle of what I have learned as I got back into the potter's saddle! Copyright 2023 Pottery Tips by the Pottery Wheel. Here are 16 of the best and most versatile ways of using underglaze on your pottery and ceramics. Have any questions? Avoid Melting Problems, Choosing a Pottery Glaze A Beginners Guide to Ceramic Glazes. Because the glaze subsequently covers it, such decoration is completely durable, and it also allows the production of pottery with a surface that has a uniform sheen. cobalt underglaze recipe. It is a way of carrying the underglaze design. This looks good over a black slip or over some velvet underglazes. As are the tools that potters use to incise the clay. I have been doing some more research and have read about mixing up a slip with a little cobalt carbonate in it, and then painting that on (I would assume) leather-hard clay before bisquing. You can either make or buy your own silkscreen. Underglaze or colored slip is then painted into the scored areas. For this reason, most potters will burnish clay when it is leather hard. Alumina and titania in a cobalt glaze will shift the fired glaze color from blue to green. Mortar and Pestle all ingredients to mix them. And as you are working, you can switch bottles quickly and blend colors easily. Westerville, OH 43082, Annual National K-12 Ceramic Exhibition Award, ICAN Making a Difference in Ceramics Award, Workhouse Clay International ICAN Merit Award, Ceramics Monthly's Print Mailing Schedule, Pottery Making Illustrated's Print Mailing Schedule, Pottery Making Illustrated Submission Guidelines. Which Way Up Do You Dip Cups, Bowls, and Vessels? hot water and let sit for. Clay needs to be damp when it is being burnished. Then hold the paper up to your pottery. A crusty blue glaze with iridescent patina. Wider flatter brushes can be used to create gradients, blending colors into one another. 1 I remember it as being brushable (like 10,000 irises worth), stable and not harsh.Might be time to try it in the wood kiln Nice David! Very simply, spray your shaving foam onto a smooth surface. Potterycrafts. Incorporate The carved lines are also called incised lines. In a deep and classic blue and white colourway, the pattern was originally launched in 1812. Pottery Making Illustrated (at Highwater) has an article:33 EPK33 Frit 312433 Stain or oxidestarch.You may have to tone down the Cobalt.try it by tablespoon for a start . cobalt underglaze recipehouses for rent in riverside, ca under $1,000. There are many amazing underglaze techniques. If you are screen printing onto flat clay, you can use a silkscreen stretched tightly across a frame. Carbonate: The compound of carbon and oxygen in a 1:3 ratio that gives a negatively charged ion. They are also perfect for scraffito, stenciling, marbling, and other decorative techniques. Try it with Cobalt Blue under or over. Here's an example of trying to get 0.2% cobalt into a 100g batch vs a 4000g batch. The same technique can be used by modern-day potters, using underglaze. It can be helpful to thin some underglaze down with water and apply this first to act as a primer. However, more recently, I found myself being drawn back to pottery and the potter's wheel. The paper remains on the underglaze, for now, keeping it in place on the clay. There is a number of different ways you can use a silkscreen to apply underglaze. Clear glaze covers rest of . A banding wheel is basically a flat surface on a turntable. So, no gerstley, clay, or gylcerin? Click here to view examples. Keep the lip level as you dip it into the underglaze upside down. If you have cut the background away, the design will stand proud of the lino block. Liquid starch is sometimes included by potters in their underglaze recipe to improve the underglazes brushability. Some underglazes can be co-fired with a clear glaze on top in a single firing. To make CMC liquid, stir 30 grams dry CMC in 1 qt. That is why we may add both cobalt (blue) and chrome (green) to get a glaze that is turquoise. Simply click on the link below and it will jump to the technique you are interested in. You may also want to add some Mn or Fe to soften it a bit. - Holly Goring, Editor, Pottery Making Illustrated. The underglaze is applied in layers after the clay has been dampened with a sponge. Books Garth Clark: Geert Laps Book is a Visual Feast but Intellectually Confused. It is important to let the layers dry between coats. allowed for full incorporation of the color with the other two ingredients during the mixing of the base recipe. The pattern of the slip will also show through the sanded underglaze. I hold the kiln at 1000F for 30 minutes. This will leave you with a design that stands out as a positive image from your lino. If the pattern is complex, all around a bowl or vase or over a large area some people will quickly fire each section of it before continuing since hands do get tired who wants to waste all that work because of a small slip of the hand. http://community.ceramicartsdaily.org/topic/3437-glaze-help/?do=findComment&comment=28201. In the heart of The Potteries, we are the UK's leading manufacturer of kilns and moulds, as well as a leading supplier of clay, glaze, raw materials and tools. The scraping is also a way to get rid of pieces of clay that are removed during the incising process. (But not Matcha . Method 1 Making a Glaze with Turpentine and Stand Oil Download Article 1 Buy linseed stand oil and turpentine from an art store. Underglaze, on the other hand, is a colored material applied to the bisque-fired clay before the final glaze firing. 0. brian kim, cpa clearvalue tax net worth . In a glaze firing the oxygen usually comes from air, though in a fuel-fired kiln it may also come from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Because the mist is fine, you will definitely need to apply layers to your work to get a deep color. Silk screening and screen printing refer to the same process. But, test before doing a full scale piece. A decal is a way of transferring pre-printed images onto ceramics. base mixing stage. The number of different painting underglaze techniques that you can use is limited only by your imagination. Not sure which colors though can check after the holidays if you'd like.http://coyoteclay.com/underglaze.html. One idea is to soak up the underglaze in the sponge and dab it onto the pottery. I use a mixture starting with black cobalt oxide that gets mortated and pestled (the black always seems to be a less fine grind than the carbonate). An easy way to make slip is to dry out a few pieces of the clay that you are using. Issue: Accuracy of weighing 0.2g of cobalt There were more variety of decoration using a combination of two overglaze enamels, such as red motif on yellow ground . This technique involved rubbing the clay with a stone to create a smooth sheen. The designs were created using cobalt oxide painted on to a tin glaze before firing. John Britt Pottery 2012 Workshop Schedule. Few of these recipes encompassed all the characteristics I So, you can apply the crayon and then blend or smudge in with your finger or a tool. Clay Club aims to connect potters and ceramic artists of our community. It is generally insoluble. Simply design your image and then run it through a photocopier on ordinary white printing paper. Anything from baby bath sponges to sponges supplied in a craft shop will do. If you want a more precise result, you can simply paint underglaze onto the raised design with a fine brush. The Pottery Wheel is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Underglaze pens are good for fine detail work. Exposure to cobalt may cause cancer. I've tried 2 different shades of Amaco's LUG series, but don't like the consistency, or visibility. 2009 chevy silverado center console lid replacement; tess gerritsen net worth It can then be transferred onto your ceramic work in a few different ways. Because this involves quite a bit of huffing and puffing, it is not ideal for large pieces. Try the cobalt and frit in equal amounts, then add water to find the consistency and color you want. Another tip is to combine using an airbrush with a stencil. Create a layer about 1 inch thick. If mixed to the correct consistency, one coat was sufficient while two coats Place your lino up against your pottery. Can you paint unfired clay with the cobalt-water mixture before you bisque it? Do you paint it on bisqueware and fire separately before glazing over top? The underglaze is stored in a small plastic bottle with a fine nozzle on it. If you want to build up color, you will need to apply several layers. Attach it the the bisque by wetting the back side and applying. Antifreeze is ethylene-glycol and is toxic. We make safe shipping arrangements for your convenience from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Using one of these will dispense the underglaze finely enough to create an attractive design. Successful firing of underglaze copper-red requires extremely precise control of the firing process in order to achieve the best colour, and this vase is a credit to the kiln master responsible for its firing, since the red is exactly the desired rich crushed-raspberry colour. "22% gerstley borate, mixed and sieved. It is, therefore, suitable for decorative rather than functional purposes. Then using a sponge (or a brush if you prefer), dab underglaze onto the cut-out shape. Apply 3 or more layers if you want opacity. You can buy a palette of watercolor underglaze. I started by choosing a clay and a flux. If other oxides are used, a good starting point is 4% iron, 2% cobalt, 2% manganese dioxide, and 2% copper oxide. Glaze & underglaze is used in ceramic arts to add color & texture. Or you can cut your sponge into a particular shape that you want to recreate on the pottery. This will burst the bubbles in the bucket that are sitting against the bisque ware. Less rutile also helps avoid pinholes in the glaze. This will create a textured pattern of your design. I fired the earthenware tests to cone 04 and the stoneware It will draw the liquid out of the underglaze very quickly. Emit only one wavelength and you have that color, just like taking a little slice out of a rainbow. Sometimes I sponge on the glaze, but that takes a long time to get a good coat and since I'm doing a set of plates I will probably be brushing. However, it is worth it to make sure the details pop. Emily,For years I used a painting slip for blues for cone 10 reduction base on Albany slip. Try the cobalt and frit in equal amounts, then add water to find the consistency and color you want. If you only want the color to go partway up the outside, you can dip it in base down. You may be applying the clear glaze directly on top of the underglaze on its raw unfired state. old trucks for sale by owner'' in ontario; relihan funeral home obituaries douglas, ga; Clear glaze can cause underglaze to streak and bleed. Also, whilst I have covered these underglaze techniques individually, they can be combined. The main material you will use is shaving foam! The level of harm depends upon the . I needed a fairly heavy clay content for adhesion to the clay body, and an equal amount of flux You can do this with any shaped sponge you like. Sieve all materials with an 80 mesh sieve and then ball mill for at least 12 hours. Cobalt-blue underglaze design, consisting of ocean wave patterns, similar to ruyi, banana leaf pattern, fret-scroll (huiwen), interlocking lotus flowers. Typical cobalt levels are between 1 and 3% and iron levels up to 9%. thanks that clears up my confusion about the metrics. ). Oasis Blue - Runny! A 16oz jar of another color yielded 190g, a slightly better percentage of powder-to-water. . Some ceramicists screenprint underglaze onto slabs of wet clay. Underglaze can be dipped so that it is only applied to the outside of a vessel. This is not an exhaustive list. To this we add 11.1% mason stain plus 5.6% zircopax " Do I use these numbers as relative proportions of these ingredients? You can do this by tapping the side of the container and giving it a gentle shimmy. The energy level of the valence electrons determines which photons it will absorb (absorb them all and you have black) or emit (emit them all and you have white). I bisque to 1000oc. (different than signing up for blog emails below) Contact Tori Motyl at Tori@MotylPottery.com. Want to post something? And check that any air bubbles dragged into the underglaze when mixing have been released. And apply 3 or 4 layers rather than just a couple. After that, pour the remaining bubble underglaze over the upturned underside of the ware. Its a little like pushing an ice cream scoop through ice cream. My Blog cobalt underglaze recipe . Web Low Fire Glaze Recipes Ceramic Supplies Ceramic Colorants Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes Ceramic Raw Materials Pottery Clay Clay Tools and Equipment Ceramic 319 Show detail Preview View more In commercially made decals the backing paper is often tissue-like and translucent. This is done with a slip trailing bulb. Traditional Cobalt Decorated Tiles from Delft. Mid Range Glaze Recipes - Ceramic Arts Network . to lower the melting point of the silica, and to create a hard surface. It can harm the eyes, skin, heart, and lungs. The spray that it creates is less fine than an electric airbrush and has a splatter effect too. In the areas where you are creating shade and tone, make the underglaze thicker. Put a small amount of water into a cup, around 3 tablespoons is sufficient. This will result in some areas being more translucent than others and will add to the watercolor effect. Underglaze manufacturers use a chemical process that employs a high-shear mixing technology This is an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for the site to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Keep the lip level as you dip it into the underglaze upside down. They have saturated, bright colors that stay true to color and they can be mixed with other underglazes like paint. If you only apply one layer, the color will look translucent when fired. The underglaze is put in a little bowl on top of the pipe. Here is a complete step-by-step video of the process. Cobalt Oxide: CoO is 1.4 times stronger than cobalt carbonate, Cobalt Carbonate: Co3O4 (mix of CoO and Co2O3), CoO and Co3O4, although mainly thought of as colorants, are also strong fluxes, Melting point (oxide): 328F (1805C), not yet volatile even at 2552F (1400C), Strongest coloring oxide: 0.25% noticeably blue in a transparent base glaze, used in a wide array of decal inks, underglaze colors, body stains, and colored glazes, Soluble in glaze melt, thus it has little or no opacifying effect, Very fine particle size, gives more uniform color in glazes, Atmosphere and firing temperature do not change the color, Very dependable color results in both oxidation and reduction conditions, and in fast and slow firing. Introduction of polychrome painted floral patterns with minimal use of cobalt c.1795 to c.1815. 1.Development of China glaze cobalt blue painted patterns c. 1775 - 1810. Mix your cobalt with both a frit and water. I have used cobalt ox and h2o as an under glaze on both green ware and bisque ware. Cerdec Crimson Spersastain 4144A (PDF) Mason Alpine Rose 6001 Chrome tin pink sphene (PDF) Mason Best Black 6600 - Iron cobalt chromite black spinel (PDF) Mason Black, Cobalt free 6650 - Chromium Green-Black Hematite (PDF) Mason Blackberry Wine 6381 (PDF) Mason Canary 6410 - Yellow Zircon, Zirconium Praseodymium (PDF) The best way to do this is to dip the vessel upside down. The missing ingredient I left out is water - with 100 grams of course easily measured out as 100 ml. In each separate petal, a branch of flower is depicted. Continue to keep your pottery damp during this process. Usually, several layers are used to make the color opaque enough. Not sure what that is as I use it in some recipes for suspension but after some research into oxide washes/underglazes it seems to be used in them. I use them for everything except black, where I use the LUG. I don't have any as I fire cone 9/10 glazes so never needed any frits. 5 layers of underglaze are common. Then using a brush or sponge, apply another color of glaze to the clay surrounding the stencil. Underglaze Cobalt - Etsy Check out our underglaze cobalt selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Because the glass formed in the glaze firing controls the interaction of the glaze elements, what you see in the mixed glaze is almost never the color you get in the fired glaze. There was a topic on colbalt here that I have a few photos and a glaze recipe for. This will cause the soapy underglaze mixture to bubble up in the cup. Then add 3 teaspoons of washing up soap into the water. Line cutting is a very simple way to add graphic-looking images and textures to your pottery. often was too much. You can also apply a gum solution over the glaze. The underglaze decoration technique is identified by OM through the dark layer corresponding to the cobalt blue ( Fig. Also, you can vary the width of the mark by changing how close you are to your work. Someone taught me to mix it in very strong green tea Their argument was that the acid in the tea helps the mix/adherence. In a deep and classic blue and white colorway, the pattern was originally launched in 1812. Liquified clay (slip) was colored and painted on the pottery before burnishing to create decorative patterns. The total of all the colorant oxides need not be more than 10 or 11%. You can buy either wax or chalk underglaze crayons. Yes, you can apply to either greenware or bisque. The longer you burnish and the more verve you use, the higher the sheen will be. Carefully rinse the foam and underglaze mixture off under the tap. Like watercolor painting on canvas, you can create a subtle wash effect with underglaze. If your pottery is dry or bisque-fired, its a good idea to dampen it down a little. Photo Gallery. It needs to be a little more fluid than underglaze that is being used for painting. Just want it to fuse with the pot once bisque. **First published in 2014 Paint a strip of this slip mixture onto the tile and write on the tile that this is a 2% mixture. porcelain with cobalt underglaze and clear glaze Dimensions 2 3/8 in. Photos: Denna Nachlinger. I'll hook Chris up with Jon. Its a little like drawing with pastels. As a result, the underglaze does not layer up. Brooklyn Museum, The William E. Hutchins Collection, Bequest of Augustus S. Hutchins, 52.87.1. I took a ridiculous amount of notes and then put them all in plastic sleeves in a binder. This can be drawn freehand or traced. Generally, it is said that underglaze is not suitable for slip trailing. There are as many ways to use underglaze as your imagination will allow for. Because the lines are relatively sharp, any smudging or bleeding when clear glaze is applied on top is magnified. And, in terms of color, what you see is what comes out of the kiln, no guessing, no hoping. I actually emailed with Jon Singer three years ago about his results with rare earth colorants like Europeum when I was try to develop a different path to pink.
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